Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles (EVs) with a diameter of approximately 30-150 nanometers (nm) that are released into the extracellular matrix after the fusion of intracellular multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the cell membrane. Simply put, exosomes are small vesicles containing complex components such as Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNAs), micro Ribonucleic Acid (miRNAs), Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90), and Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70), as well as proteins. They serve as carriers for signaling molecules, facilitating the transport of proteins, lipids, mRNA, miRNAs, and DNA and the development of diseases, participating in signal transduction during physiological and pathological processes. The composition and function of exosomes are determined by the type of secreting cells and can reflect an individual's current physiological and pathological state as well as the influence of the cellular microenvironment.